配对堆(Pairing Heap)是一个简单实用的min-heap结构(当然也可以做成max-heap)。它是一颗多路树(multiway tree),类似于Leftist Heap和Skew Heap,但是与Binomial Tree和Fibonacci Heap不一样。它的基本操作是两个多路树的连接(link),所以取名叫Pairing Heap。连接操作(参考以下实现中的方法linkPair)类似于Binomial Tree和Fibonacci Heap中的link操作,即将root key值最大的树作为key值最小的树的孩子(一般作为最左边的孩子,特别是Binomial Heap必须这样做),其复杂度是常数级。因为Pairing Heap只有一棵树,所以它的merge操作(类似于Fibonacci Heap中的union)也很简单,只需要link两棵树就可以了,平摊复杂度与Fibonacci Heap类似,都是常数级操作,而在Binomial Heap中需要union两个root lists,所以复杂度为O(logn)。在算法分析中,往往有很多数据结构实现起来比较简单,但是分析起来很复杂,例如快速排序(Quicksort),配对堆也是一个典型例子。配对堆的merge,insert和findMin的平摊复杂度都是O(1),extract-min的平摊复杂度是O(logn),这与Fibonacci Heap中的相应操作的复杂度相当。但是,decrease-key的平摊复杂度比Fibonacci Heap大,后者的decrease-key的平摊复杂度是O(1)。关于配对堆的decrease-key操作的平摊复杂度结果可以参考:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pairing_heap。
在以下实现中,Pairing Heap采用“leftmost child,right sibling”(左孩子,右兄弟)方式表示,而且每一个结点还有一个left属性:对于第一个孩子,left属性表示该孩子的父结点;对于其他结点,left属性表示该结点的左兄弟。Extract-Min操作比较有意思,首先采用类似Binomial Heap和Fibonacci Heap中做法,即先删除root结点,然后得到root的孩子结点双向链表,链表中每一个结点对应一个子堆(subheap);接下来考虑如何将子堆合并到原来的堆中,在这里可以比较一下二项堆,Fibonacci堆和配对堆的合并做法:在Binomial Heap中将孩子结点倒排,生成按degree从小到大顺序的单向链表,然后将该单链表跟原来剩余的堆结点root list链表作union操作。在Fibonacci Heap中的做法是,将孩子结点依次添加到root list中(不用考虑先后次序),然后通过consolidate生成degree唯一的双向循环链表。二者都是在Extract-min时让每个堆结构变得更加紧凑,恢复成理想的状态,同时Extract-min的操作成本也相对比较高。在Pairing Heap中做法类似:如果没有Extract-min操作,其他的操作(比如insert,merge,decrease-key)势必使得root结点的孩子链表变得很长,通过Extract-Min两两合并,让Pairing Heap变得更加有序。Extract-Min两两合并做法是:先从左到右将相邻的孩子结点两两link,生成一个缩减的双向链表,然后对该新的双向链表从右到左link(上一次合并的结果作为下一次link中的右兄弟结点)。
实现:
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- /**
- *
- * Pairing Heap
- *
- * Copyright (c) 2011 ljs (http://blog.csdn.net/ljsspace/)
- * Licensed under GPL (http://www.opensource.org/licenses/gpl-license.php)
- *
- * @author ljs
- * 2011-09-06
- *
- */
- public class PairingHeap {
- //left-child, right-sibling representation
- static class Node{
- private int key;
- //left is the parent for first child; is the left sibling for other children
- private Node left;
- private Node sibling;
- //child points to the leftmost-child
- private Node child;
- public Node(int key){
- this.key = key;
- }
- public String toString(){
- return String.valueOf(this.key);
- }
- }
- private Node root;
- private Node linkPair(Node first,Node second){
- if(second==null) return first;
- if(first==null) return second;
- if(first.key<second.key){
- //second is linked to first as a child
- //retain the sibling relation
- Node secondzSibling = second.sibling;
- first.sibling = secondzSibling;
- if(secondzSibling != null) secondzSibling.left = first;
- Node firstzChild = first.child;
- //update second's left and sibling pointers
- second.left = first;
- second.sibling = firstzChild;
- //update first.child's pointer
- if(firstzChild != null) firstzChild.left = second;
- //update first's child
- first.child = second;
- return first;
- }else{
- //first is linked to second as a child
- //retain the sibling relation
- Node firstzLeft = first.left;
- second.left = firstzLeft;
- if(firstzLeft != null){
- if(firstzLeft.child == first){
- //firstzLeft is first's parent
- firstzLeft.child = second;
- }else{
- //firstzLeft is first's left sibling
- firstzLeft.sibling = second;
- }
- }
- Node secondzChild = second.child;
- //update first's left and sibling pointers
- first.left = second;
- first.sibling = secondzChild;
- //update second's child pointer
- if(secondzChild != null) secondzChild.left = first;
- //update second's child
- second.child = first;
- return second;
- }
- }
- public Node insert(Node node){
- if(root==null)
- root = node;
- else
- root = linkPair(node,root);
- return node;
- }
- public void decreaseKey(Node x,int k) throws Exception{
- if(x.key<k) throw new Exception("key is not decreased!");
- x.key = k;
- if(x!=root){
- //cut x subtree from its siblings
- Node xzLeft = x.left;
- //if x is not root, its left (i.e. xzLeft) can never be null
- if(xzLeft.child==x){//xzLeft is x's parent
- xzLeft.child = x.sibling;
- }else{//xzLeft is x's left sibling
- xzLeft.sibling = x.sibling;
- }
- if(x.sibling!=null){
- x.sibling.left = xzLeft;
- }
- //merge this tree with x subtree
- x.left = null;
- x.sibling = null;
- root = this.linkPair(x, root);
- }
- }
- public void merge(Node rhs){
- if(this.root==null) {
- this.root = rhs;
- return;
- }
- if(rhs==null) return;
- this.root = this.linkPair(this.root, rhs);
- }
- public Node findMin(){
- return this.root;
- }
- public Node extractMin(){
- Node z = this.root;
- if(z!=null){
- if(z.child==null)
- root = null;
- else{
- Node firstSibling = z.child;
- firstSibling.left = null;
- root = mergeSubHeaps(firstSibling);
- }
- }
- return z;
- }
- private Node mergeSubHeaps(Node firstSibling){
- //the 1st pass: merge pairs from left side
- Node first = firstSibling;
- Node second = first.sibling;
- Node tail = first;
- if(second!=null){
- tail = this.linkPair(first, second);
- first = tail.sibling;
- if(first!= null)
- second = first.sibling;
- else
- second = null;
- }
- while(first != null && second!=null){
- tail = this.linkPair(first, second);
- first = tail.sibling;
- if(first!= null)
- second = first.sibling;
- else
- second = null;
- }
- //the 2nd pass: merge pairs from right side
- if(first!=null){
- tail = first;
- }
- Node prev = tail.left;
- while(prev!=null){
- tail = this.linkPair(prev, tail);
- prev = tail.left;
- }
- return tail;
- }
- public void print(){
- System.out.println("Pairing Heap:");
- this.print(0, this.root);
- }
- private void print(int level, Node node){
- for (int i = 0; i < level; i++) {
- System.out.format(" ");
- }
- System.out.format("|");
- for (int i = 0; i < level; i++) {
- System.out.format("-");
- }
- System.out.format("%d%n", node.key);
- Node child = node.child;
- while(child!=null){
- print(level + 1, child);
- child = child.sibling;
- }
- }
- public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
- PairingHeap pheap = new PairingHeap();
- Node node7=pheap.insert(new Node(7));
- pheap.insert(new Node(19));
- Node node2=pheap.insert(new Node(2));
- PairingHeap pheap2 = new PairingHeap();
- pheap2.insert(new Node(9));
- pheap2.insert(new Node(17));
- pheap2.insert(new Node(12));
- pheap2.insert(new Node(14));
- pheap.merge(pheap2.root);
- pheap2 = new PairingHeap();
- pheap2.insert(new Node(15));
- pheap2.insert(new Node(18));
- pheap2.insert(new Node(16));
- pheap2.insert(new Node(5));
- Node node11=pheap2.insert(new Node(11));
- pheap.merge(pheap2.root);
- pheap2 = new PairingHeap();
- pheap2.insert(new Node(4));
- pheap2.insert(new Node(8));
- pheap.merge(pheap2.root);
- pheap2 = new PairingHeap();
- Node node3=pheap2.insert(new Node(3));
- pheap2.insert(new Node(13));
- pheap2.insert(new Node(10));
- pheap.merge(pheap2.root);
- pheap.insert(new Node(6));
- pheap.print();
- Node min = pheap.findMin();
- System.out.format("min: %d%n", min.key);
- pheap.decreaseKey(node11, 0);
- pheap.decreaseKey(node7, 4);
- pheap.decreaseKey(node2, 1);
- pheap.decreaseKey(node3, 2);
- min = pheap.extractMin();
- while(min!=null){
- System.out.format("%d ",min.key);
- min = pheap.extractMin();
- }
- }
- }
测试输出:
Pairing Heap:
|2
|-6
|-3
|--10
|--13
|-4
|--8
|-5
|--11
|--15
|---16
|---18
|-9
|--14
|--12
|--17
|-7
|--19
min: 2
0 1 2 4 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19